Supplemental Notes for Kaufmann, E. and G. Harris, "'White Flight' or Positive Contact?", Comparative Political Studies, 2015

1) References for Table 1.

Arp, W., W. P. Simmons, and C. E. Cottrell. 1999. "Black Democratic Partisanship and White flight in Louisiana 1975 through 1996." Journal of Black Studies 29 (6):755-70.

Baybeck, B. 2006. "Sorting out the competing effects of racial context." Journal of Politics 68 (2):386-96.

Biggs, M., and S. Knauss. 2012. "Explaining Membership in the British National Party: A Multilevel Analysis of Contact and Threat." European Sociological Review 28 (5):633-46.

Blalock, Hubert M. Jr. 1957. “Per Cent Non-White and Discrimination in the South.” American Sociological Review 22(6):677–682

Bowyer, B. 2008. "Local context and extreme right support in England: The British National Party in the 2002 and 2003 local elections." Electoral Studies 27 (4):611-20.

Branton, R. P., and B. S. Jones. 2005. "Reexamining racial attitudes: The conditional relationship between diversity and socioeconomic environment." American Journal of Political Science 49 (2):359-72.

Campbell, A. L., C. Wong, and J. Citrin. 2006. ""Racial threat", partisan climate, and direct democracy: Contextual effects in three California initiatives." Political Behavior 28 (2):129-50.

Carsey, T. M. 1995. "THE CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS OF RACE ON WHITE VOTER BEHAVIOR - THE 1989 NEW-YORK-CITY MAYORAL ELECTION." Journal of Politics 57 (1):221-8.

Citrin, Jack, and John Sides. 2008. "Immigration and the Imagined Community in Europe and the United States." Political Studies 56:33-56.

Corzine, J., J. Creech, and L. Corzine. 1983. "BLACK CONCENTRATION AND LYNCHINGS IN THE SOUTH - TESTING BLALOCK POWER-THREAT HYPOTHESIS." Social Forces 61 (3):774-96.

Dixon, J. C. 2006. "The ties that bind and those that don't: Toward reconciling group threat and contact theories of prejudice." Social Forces 84 (4):2179-204.

Eitle, D., S. J. D'Alessio, and L. Stolzenberg. 2002. "Racial threat and social control: A test of the political, economic, and threat of black crime hypotheses." Social Forces 81 (2):557-76.

Emerson, M. O., G. Yancey, and K. J. Chai. 2001. "Does race matter in residential segregation? Exploring the preferences of white Americans." American Sociological Review 66 (6):922-35.

Ford, R., and M. J. Goodwin. 2010. "Angry White Men: Individual and Contextual Predictors of Support for the British National Party." Political Studies 58 (1):1-25.

Ford, W. S. 1973. "INTERRACIAL PUBLIC HOUSING IN A BORDER CITY - ANOTHER LOOK AT CONTACT HYPOTHESIS." American Journal of Sociology 78 (6):1426-47.

Fossett, M. A., and K. J. Kiecolt. 1989. "THE RELATIVE SIZE OF MINORITY POPULATIONS AND WHITE RACIAL-ATTITUDES." Social Science Quarterly 70 (4):820-35.

Giles, M. W., and A. Evans. 1986. "THE POWER APPROACH TO INTERGROUP HOSTILITY." Journal of Conflict Resolution 30 (3):469-86.

Giles, M. W., and K. Hertz. 1994. "RACIAL THREAT AND PARTISAN IDENTIFICATION." American Political Science Review 88 (2):317-26.

Gilliam, F. D., N. A. Valentino, and M. N. Beckmann. 2002. "Where you live and what you watch: The impact of racial proximity and local television news on attitudes about race and crime." Political Research Quarterly 55 (4):755-80.

Glaser, J. M. 1994. "BACK TO THE BLACK-BELT - RACIAL ENVIRONMENT AND WHITE RACIAL-ATTITUDES IN THE SOUTH." Journal of Politics 56 (1):21-41.

Ha, S. E. 2010. "The Consequences of Multiracial Contexts on Public Attitudes toward Immigration." Political Research Quarterly 63 (1):29-42.

Harris, Gareth. 2012. The Rise and Fall of the British National Party: the demand for extreme right politics in the UK, unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Politics, Birkbeck College, University of London.

Hjerm, M. 2009. "Anti-Immigrant Attitudes and Cross-Municipal Variation in the Proportion of Immigrants." Acta Sociologica 52 (1):47-62.

Hood, M. V., and I. L. Morris. 1997. "Amigo o enemigo?: Context, attitudes, and Anglo public opinion toward immigration." Social Science Quarterly 78 (2):309-23.

———. 2000. "Brother, can you spare a dime? Racial/ethnic context and the Anglo vote on Proposition 187." Social Science Quarterly 81 (1):194-206.

Hopkins, D. J. 2011. "National Debates, Local Responses: The Origins of Local Concern about Immigration in Britain and the United States." British Journal of Political Science 41:499-524.

Jacobs, D., and J. T. Carmichael. 2001. "The politics of punishment across time and space: A pooled time-series analysis of imprisonment rates." Social Forces 80 (1):61-89.

———. 2002. "The political sociology of the death penalty: A pooled time-series analysis." American Sociological Review 67 (1):109-31.

Key, V. O. 1949. Southern politics in State and Nation. [1st ed. New York,: A. A. Knopf.

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1996. The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Laurence, James. 2013. "Reconciling the contact and threat hypotheses: does ethnic diversity strengthen or weaken community inter-ethnic relations?" Ethnic and Racial Studies Forthcoming. Published on-line May 2013.

Lubbers, M., M. Coenders, and P. Scheepers. 2006. "Objections to asylum seeker centres: Individual and contextual determinants of resistance to small and large centres in the netherlands." European Sociological Review 22 (3):243-57.

Lubbers, M., and P. Scheepers. 2001. "Explaining the trend in extreme right-wing voting: Germany 1989-1998." European Sociological Review 17 (4):431-49.

———. 2002. "French Front National voting: a micro and macro perspective." Ethnic and Racial Studies 25 (1):120-49.

Mayer, Nonna. “Ethnocentrism and the Front National Vote in the 1988 French Presidential Election.” In Alec G. Harreaves and Jeremy Leaman, ed. Racism, Ethnicity and Politics in Contemporary Europe. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1995, 96-111.

Morris, I. L. 2000. "African American voting on proposition 187. Rethinking the prevalence of interminority conflict." Political Research Quarterly 53 (1):77-98.

Newman, B. J., and J. Johnson. 2012. "Ethnic Change, Concern over Immigration, and Approval of State Government." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 12 (4):415-37.

Oliver, J. E., and J. Wong. 2003. "Intergroup prejudice in multiethnic settings." American Journal of Political Science 47 (4):567-82.

Quillian, L. 1995. "PREJUDICE AS A RESPONSE TO PERCEIVED GROUP THREAT - POPULATION COMPOSITION AND ANTI-IMMIGRANT AND RACIAL PREJUDICE IN EUROPE." American Sociological Review 60 (4):586-611.

Reed, J. S. 1972. "PERCENT BLACK AND LYNCHING - TEST OF BLALOCKS THEORY." Social Forces 50 (3):356-&.

Rink, N., K. Phalet, and M. Swyngedouw. 2009. "The Effects of Immigrant Population Size, Unemployment, and Individual Characteristics on Voting for the Vlaams Blok in Flanders 19911999." European Sociological Review 25 (4):411-24.

Robinson, James Lee. 1980. "Physical Distance and Racial Attitudes: A Further Examination of the Contact Hypothesis." Phylon 41 (4):325-32.

Rocha, R. R., and R. Espino. 2009. "Racial Threat, Residential Segregation, and the Policy Attitudes of Anglos." Political Research Quarterly 62 (2):415-26.

Rocha, R. R., T. Longoria, R. D. Wrinkle, B. R. Knoll, J. L. Polinard, and J. Wenzel. 2011. "Ethnic Context and Immigration Policy Preferences Among Latinos and Anglos." Social Science Quarterly 92 (1):1-19.

Rydgren, J., and P. Ruth. 2011. "Voting for the Radical Right in Swedish Municipalities: Social Marginality and Ethnic Competition?" Scandinavian Political Studies 34 (3):202-25.

Schneider, G., and N. Wiesehomeier. 2008. "Rules that matter: Political institutions and the diversity-conflict nexus." Journal of Peace Research 45 (2):183-203.

Semyonov, M., R. Raijman, and A. Gorodzeisky. 2006. "The rise of anti-foreigner sentiment in European societies, 1988-2000." American Sociological Review 71 (3):426-49.

Sigelman, L., and S. Welch. 1993. "THE CONTACT HYPOTHESIS REVISITED - BLACK-WHITE INTERACTION AND POSITIVE RACIAL-ATTITUDES." Social Forces 71 (3):781-95.

Stein, R. M., S. S. Post, and A. L. Rinden. 2000. "Reconciling context and contact effects on racial attitudes." Political Research Quarterly 53 (2):285-303.

Surace, Samuel, and Melvin Seeman. 1967. "Some Correlates of Civil Rights Activism." Social Forces 46 (2):197-207.

Taylor, M. C. 1998. "How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count." American Sociological Review 63 (4):512-35.

Trulson, C., and J. W. Marquart. 2002a. "The caged melting pot: Toward an understanding of the consequences of desegregation in prisons." Law & Society Review 36 (4):743-81.

Trulson, C. R., and J. W. Marquart. 2002b. "Inmate racial integration: Achieving racial integration in the Texas prison system." Prison Journal 82 (4):498-525.

Voss, D. S. 1996. "Beyond racial threat: Failure of an old hypothesis in the new South." Journal of Politics 58 (4):1156-70.

Welch, Susan. 2001. Race and place : race relations in an American city. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wilson, F. D. 1979. "PATTERNS OF WHITE AVOIDANCE." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 441 (JAN):132-41.

Wright, G. C. 1976. "COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND VOTING IN SOUTH." Public Opinion Quarterly 40 (2):201-15.

Yancey, G. 1999. "An examination of the effects of residential and church integration on racial attitudes of whites." Sociological Perspectives 42 (2):279-304.

2) Calculations for years required for population stock in diverse wards to match flow:

    than enough to account for the effects of diverse contexts captured in most studies. In

    our data, for instance, the difference in white opposition to immigration between the most

    and least diverse quintile of wards is approximately 15 percent.

3) Multi-level regression on 'reduce immigration' (with ward contextuals), White UK-born only (Model 3 is presented in the article)

4) Models of Shift in Share of Minorities in Ward of Residence for Movers, 1991-2012, England and Wales

*p<.05,**p<.01,***p<.001.  Source: BHPS 1991-2008; Understanding Society 2009-12. Controls for age, sex, class, education, income, employed, marital status, children, tenure, ward population density (present and lagged) and ward deprivation quintile (present and lagged) are included in the model but not reported in the table. Note that attitudinal variables presented here are not limited to whites. All attitudinal interactions with white are insignificant.

5) Selection of Relevant YouGov Survey Questions, August 2013. For survey methodology, see http://yougov.co.uk/publicopinion/methodology/.

[1]{single}Do you think the number of immigrants coming to Britain nowadays should be increased, reduced or should it remain the same?
<1> Increased a lot
<2> Increased a little
<3> Remain the same
<4> Reduced a little
<5> Reduced a lot
<6> Don’t know

[2a]Local Council Wards in the UK have a population of about 10,000 to 30,000 people. Have you moved Local Council Ward to live somewhere new at any time in the past ten years?
<1> No
<2> Yes
<3> Don’t know

[2b if 2a ==2]As far as you know, did the last Local Council Ward in which you lived have…?
<1> More people from an ethnic minority background than the ward I live in now
<2> Fewer people from an ethnic minority background than the ward I live in now
<3> About the same number of people from an ethnic minority background than the ward I live in now
<4> Don’t know

[3a]Thinking about YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD, how comfortable or uncomfortable do you feel about the number of people from ethnic minorities who live there?
<1> Very comfortable
<2> Fairly comfortable
<3> Neither comfortable nor uncomfortable
<4> Fairly uncomfortable
<5> Very uncomfortable
<6> Don’t know

[3b if not 3a in [4,5]]{single order=randomize}Which of the following statements best describes your views about the number of people from ethnic minorities living in YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD?
<1 fixed> I will always be comfortable with the number of people from ethnic minorities living in my neighbourhood
<2> If the number of people from ethnic minorities increases I might feel uncomfortable at some point
<3> If the number of people from ethnic minorities decreases I might feel uncomfortable at some point
<4 fixed> Don’t know

[3d if 3b == 2]When do you think you would start to feel uncomfortable about the number of people from ethnic minorities living in your neighbourhood? Would it be when people from ethnic minorities made up roughly . . .?
<1> More than three quarters (over 75%) of all people in your neighbourhood
<2> Three quarters of all people (75%) in your neighbourhood
<3> Two thirds of all people (66%) in your neighbourhood
<4> Half of all people (50%) in your neighbourhood
<5> One in every four people (25%) in your neighbourhood
<6> One in every six people (17%) in your neighbourhood
<7> One in every ten people (10%) in your neighbourhood
<8> One in every twenty people (5%) in your neighbourhood
<9> One in every fifty people (2%) in your neighbourhood
<10> One in every hundred people (1%) in your neighbourhood
<11> Fewer than one in every hundred people (less than 1%) in your neighbourhood
<12> I am uncomfortable with any people from ethnic minorities living in my neighbourhood
<13> Don’t know

How comfortable or uncomfortable do you think you would feel if the following people you may come into contact with were from an ethnic minority?
-[6_g1 if not 1 in 5] Next door neighbour
-[6_g2 if not 2 in 5] Boss at work
-[6_g3 if not 3 in 5] Doctor
-[6_g4 if not 4 in 5] Friend
-[6_g5 if not 5 in 5] Work colleague
-[6_g6 if not 6 in 5] spouse/partner
-[6_g7 if not 7 in 5] House cleaner
-[6_g8 if not 8 in 5] Child’s teacher
-[6_g9 if not 9 in 5] Babysitter
-[6_g10] The Prime Minister

<1> Very comfortable
<2> Fairly comfortable
<3> Neither comfortable nor uncomfortable
<4> Fairly uncomfortable
<5> Very uncomfortable
<6> Don’t know

6) Appendix I.  Distribution of continuous variables used in Citizenship multilevel models